MARTINDALE'S CALCULATORS ON-LINE CENTER PART I: A-E CALENDARS, CAMERAS, CANALS & SHIPS, CLEANING, CLOCKS & SUNDIALS

US/Pacific: Friday, March 7, 2008 Sydney, Australia: Saturday, March 8, 2008 File Download Time Calculator Author, E-Mail, Privacy Policy & Disclaimer Currently the Calculators On-Line Center contains over "23,435" Calculators

Calendar & Date Conversion ~ Cameras Canals & Ships Clocks, Watches & Time ~ Sundials ~ Sun Compasses Back to Calculators On-Line Center, Part I:A-E Home Page Calculators On-Line Center Home Page

Calendar & Date
Conversion Calculators

Calendar & Date Conversion Calculators - All Inclusive CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DATE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS TIME CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS TIME & DATE - Steffen Thorsen, Time and Date AS, Stavanger, Norway VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Time and Date Calculators, Calendars etc. include: "...The World Clock; Personal World Clock; Time Zone Converter; Meeting Planner; Fixed Time Clock; International Dialing Codes; Yearly Calendar; Calendar Generator; Duration Calculator; Birthday Calculator; etc..." Some examples from over "10" Time & Date Calculators include Calculate Duration between Two Dates Calculate Duration between Two Dates "...calculates the duration, counting the day count and the number of days, months and years between two dates..." The Fixed Time World Clock The Fixed Time World Clock "...Have you planned a web cast, online chat, teleconference call or other event where users from all over the world might participate?..." The World Clock Meeting Planner The World Clock Meeting Planner "...should help you find a convenient time to arrange a videoconference, telephone or net-based meeting with several people spread around the globe?..." THIS YEARS CALENDAR - Steffen Thorsen, Time and Date AS, Stavanger, Norway VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Welcome to Time and Date CALENDAR (JAVA APPLET) - Peter Pershan's (X-Ray) Group, Harvard University For more information see Peter Pershan's (X-Ray) Group DATE CALCULATOR - D.E. Singer, Department of Computer Science, Duke University Date Calculator allows you to "...'Calculate the number of days between two dates' or 'Calculate the date some number of days from an initial date'..." For more information see Daniel E. Singer's Home Page or the Department of Computer Science CALENDAR CONVERTERS, CALCULATORS & APPLETS CALENDAR CONVERTER - J. Walker, Fourmilab, Switzerland VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Calendar Conversions include: "...Gregorian Calendar Conversions Calculator; Julian Calendar Conversions Calculator; Hebrew Calendar Conversions Calculator; Islamic Calendar Conversions Calculator; Persian Calendar Conversions Calculator; Mayan Calendar Conversions Calculator; Bahá'i Calendar Conversions Calculator; Indian Civil Calendar Conversions Calculator; French Republican Calendar Conversions Calculator; etc..." For more information see Fourmilab CALENDAR CONVERTER (ADOPTED FROM FORMILAB'S CALENDAR CONVERTER) - CalendarHome.com, Greater Online Marketing, LLC VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Calendar Conversions Calculators include: "...Gregorian Calendar Conversions Calculator; Julian Calendar Conversions Calculator; Mayan Calendar Conversions Calculator; Persian Calendar Conversions Calculator; Indian Civil Calendar Conversions Calculator; Hebrew Calendar Conversions Calculator; Bahá'i Calendar Conversions Calculator; Islamic Calendar Conversions Calculator; French Republican Calendar Conversions Calculator; etc..." For more information see CalendarHome.com

Arabic/Islamic ARABIC CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ISLAMIC CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS HIJRI CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GREGORIAN-HIJRI DATES CONVERTER - T. Al-Rabiah, Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsbourgh The Hijri Date "...is the Islamic calendar. It started in the moon year in which prophet Mohammed immigrated from Makkah to Madinah..." Gregorian Calender Calculator "...converts Gregorian Dates to Hijri Dates..." Hijri Calender Calculator "...converts Hijri Dates to Gregorian Dates..." For more information see Tawfig Al-Rabian's Home Page GREGORIAN-HIJRI DATE CONVERTER - IslamiCity.com Gregorian Calender Calculator "...converts Gregorian Dates to Hijri Dates..." Hijri Calender Calculator "...converts Hijri Dates to Gregorian Dates..." For more information see IslamiCity.com Aztec AZTEC CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS THE AZTEC CALENDAR CALCULATOR - R. Voorburg & W. Horden The Aztec Date Calendar Calculator "...shows the name and number of the year (xiuhpohualli in Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs), the name of the 13-day week and the name and number of the day..." Chinese CHINESE CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CHINESE CALENDAR CONVERTER - China News Digest International, Inc. (CND) Chinese Calendar Converter Calculators & Tools include: "...Chinese Calendar; Solar to Lunar Calendar Conversion Calculator; Non-leap-month Lunar to Solar Calendar Conversion Calculator; Leap-month Lunar to Solar Calendar Conversion Calculator; etc..." For more information see CND 2,000 YEAR CHINESE-WESTERN CALENDAR CONVERTER - Academic Computer Center, Taiwan In Chinese. WESTERN-CHINESE CALENDAR CALCULATOR - E.E. Peterson VERY EXTENSIVE. Western-Chinese Calendar Converter Calculator input values include: Western Date "...Day of Week, Month, Day, Year, Era..." Chinese Date "...Dynasty, Ruler, Reign, Year, Month, Leap Year?, Day..." Year Cycle; Zodiac Sign; Month Cycle; Lunar Calendar Festival; Day Cycle: Western to Chinese Date & Chinese Date to Western..." For more information see Online Chinese Tools English ECCLESIASTICAL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CALCULATION OF THE ECCLESIASTICAL CALENDAR - M.J. Montes, Stanford University Ecclesiastical Calendar Calculator input values include: "...Ecclesiastical Calendar for which year; Orthodox - New Calendarists; Orthodox - Old Calendarists; Western..." Also include: "...List of Orthodox Easter dates listed in the Julian Calendar or the Gregorian Calendar; List of Western Easter..." "...List of years with the same Julian date or Gregorian date of Orthodox Easter; etc..." For more information see Marcos J. Montes' Home Page ECCLESIASTICAL CALCULATOR - I. MacInnes, Department of English, Albion College, Michigan "...Calculate the date of Easter and the other major feasts..." Ecclesiastical Date Calculator includes: "...Input: Christian Year..." Output: Easter, Septuagesima, Ash Wednesday, Ascension, Pentecost, Trinity, Advent..." For more information see the Ian's English Calendar or the Department of English ENGLISH CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS IAN'S ENGLISH CALENDAR - I. MacInnes, Department of English, Albion College, Michigan VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. English Calendar Calculators are "...intended to replace quick reference handbooks of dates for those interest in English history, literature, and genealogy. It is also accurate for European history outside of England, with the exception of the period 1582-1752...." For more information see the Department of English Example of English Calculators include Old & New Style Dating Calculator Regnal Years Calculator Regnal Years Calculator "...will take a date in regnal years and return an ordinary date. For instance, if you enter 6/1 1 Elizabeth I, you will get the year 1559..." Day of the Week for a given Date Calculator Day of the Week for a given Date Calculator "...uses calendar years (year begins January 1st). The legal year in England began on March 25th until the calendar change in 1752, so some documents dated before March 25th..." Indian (India) INDIAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS INDIAN CIVIL CALENDAR - CALENDAR CONVERTER (ADOPTED FROM FORMILAB'S CALENDAR CONVERTER) - CalendarHome.com, Greater Online Marketing, LLC The National Calendar of India is composed of 12 months. The first month, Caitra, is 30 days in normal and 31 days in leap years. This is followed by five consecutive 31 day months, then six 30 day months..." Years in the Indian Calendar "...are counted from the start of the Saka Era, the equinox of March 22nd of year 79 in the Gregorian calendar, designated day 1 of month Caitra of year 1 in the Saka Era..." For more information see CalendarHome.com Japanese JAPANESE CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CHRISTIAN YEAR TO JAPANESE ERA CONVERTER (JAVASCRIPT & JAVA APPLETS) - Meiji Taisho Showa Heisei, Japan VERY EXTENSIVE. "...Convert Christian Year to Japanese Era and visce versa..." For more information see Furu's Home Page Jewish - Hebrew JEWISH CALENDAR CALCULATORS & APPLETS HEBREW CALENDAR CALCULATORS & APPLETS HEBREW CALENDAR - P.D. Asimow, Experimental Petrology Group, Geological and Planetary Sciences Division, California Institute of Technology (Caltech) VERY EXTENSIVE. With the Hebrew Calendar you "...can input dates or date ranges either in Gregorian or Hebrew form; any date in the Common Era will work (i.e, after Gregorian Year 2 or Hebrew Year 3760)..." The Hebrew Calendar will also "...return all the festivals during the specified period..." For more information see Paul D. Asimow's Home Page; Paul D. Asimow's Faculty Home Page; Experimental Petrology Group or the Geological and Planetary Sciences Division JOS CALENDAR CONVERSION - M. Tobias & B.I. Kouchel, JewishGen, Inc JOS Calendar Converter Calculator "...can convert a civil (Gregorian calendar) date into the equivalent date on the Hebrew calendar, and vice versa. It can also display Yahrzeit dates for consecutive years..." For more information see JOS - JewishGen Calculator or JewishGen JOS JEWISH FESTIVAL DATES - M. Tobias & B.I. Kouchel, JewishGen, Inc JOS Jewish Holiday Calendar Calculator "...can display a list of all Jewish holidays for any year - a civil year (Gregorian calendar) or a Jewish year (Hebrew calendar)..." For more information see JOS - JewishGen Calculator or JewishGen ZEMANIM (HALACHIC TIME OF DAY) CALCULATOR - Scharf Associates Zemanim Calculator "...Computes Alos HaShachar, Sunrise, Sunset, Sof Zeman K'rea Sh'ma, Plag HaMincha, Tzait hakochavim, etc..." For more information see Kashrut.com

Julian JULIAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS XTIME - A DATE/TIME CALCULATOR - High Energy Astrophysics Sciences Archive Research Center (HEASARC), NASA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. xTime - A Date/Time Calculator: input one of the following: Calendar Time Formats Calendar date, ISO 8601 date, Year and day number, Julian Day; Modified Julian Day..." Mission-Specific Time Formats "...RXTE seconds since 1994.0; RXTE mission day number; RXTE decimal mission day; Swift/GLAST seconds since 2001.0; Swift/GLAST mission day number; etc..." For more information see Tools or the High Energy Astrophysics Sciences Archive Research Center (HEASARC), NASA ASTRONOMICAL TIME CALCULATOR - L. Bogan, Department of Physics, Arcadia University, Nova Scotia, Canada VERY EXTENSIVE. Astronomical Time Calculator includes: "...Local Time Zone; Julian Day; Julian Day 0h UT; Equation of Time; Longitude Correction; Local Siderial Time..." For more information see Larry Bogan's Home Page CONVERSION OF JULIAN DATE TO CALENDAR DATE AND VICE VERSA (JAVA APPLET) - Dieter Egger, Alpha-World, Forschungseinrichtung Satellitengeodäsie, Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Germany) For more information see Astro Applets; Applets; Site Map or Dieter Egger's Home Page HELIOCENTRIC JULIAN DAY - Dan Bruton, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stephen F. Austin State University The Heliocentric Julian Day Calculator recalculates "...Julian Days as if we were observing the star from the center of the Sun, i.e., a Heliocentric Julian Day..." For more information see Java or Dan Bruton's Home Page JULIAN DAY CALCULATOR - Bureau des Longitudes, France In French/Français & English. For more information see Ephemerides Server or the Bureau des Longitudes JULIAN DATE, SUN COORDINATES, MOON COORDINATES - CALCULATOR - E.M. Murphy, FUSE - The Far Spectroscopic Explorer, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University & NASA Julian Date Calculator "...uses the STARLINK set of astronomical subroutines. The low precision formula for the geocentric coordinates of the Sun is from the 1995 Astronomical Almanac and its precision is 0.01 degrees from 1950 to 2050..." For more information see FUSE Planning Tools or FUSE - The Far Spectroscopic Explorer JULIAN DAY - Dan Bruton, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stephen F. Austin State University For more information see Java or Dan Bruton's Home Page TIME CONVERSION TOOL (JULIAN DATE CALCULATOR) - Solar System Dynamics Group, JPL Time Conversion Tool - Julian Date Calculator is used "...to convert from calendar date/time format to Julian date and visa versa. Optionally convert between selected world time zones and determine the day-of-week for the specified date..." For more information see SSD-JPL; Observer's Tool Corner or Solar System Dynamics Group

Lufkan LUFKAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS LUFKAN CALENDAR - CALCULATOR - M. Bulmer, Department of Mathematics, University of Queensland, Australia The Lufkan Calendar "...is based on cycles of lunar months, the lunta. These lunta are arranged in sequences of five each, known as zarsa. There are different names for the zarsa corresponding to the number of days in each of the five lunta..." For more information see Kelsa Lufkan (Lufkan Culture); Michael Bulmer's Home Page; Department of Mathematics or the University of Queensland, Australia Mayan - Mesoamerican MAYAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MESOAMERICAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MAYAN EPIGRAPHIC DATABASE MAYAN EPIGRAPHIC DATABASE PROJECT - R.C. Alvarado, Institute of Advanced Technology in the Humanities and the Department of Anthropology, University of Virginia VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Mayan Epigraphic Database "...consists of a relational database of glyphs ("gnumbers"), images, phonetic values ("pvalues"), and semantic values ("svalues") according to the consensus among various American Mayanists (MacLeod and Reents-Budet 1994). Also present is the beginning of an archive of digitally transcribed Mayan texts..." MAYAN DATE CALCULATOR - Michielb, The Netherlands The Maya "...developed a sophisticated calendar. The ritual calendar that developed in Mesoamerica used a count of 260 days. This calendar gave each day a name, much like our days of the week. There were 20 day names, each represented by a unique symbol..." Mayan Data Calculator "...will give a long count, calendar round..." For more information see The Maya Astronomy Page or Michielb MESOAMERICAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS AZTEC CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MAYA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MEXICA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ZAPOTEC CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS AZTEC CALENDAR CONVERTER - Resonate View The Aztec Calendar Calculator "...as presented shows the name and number of the year (xiuhpohualli in Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs), the name of the 13-day week and the name and..." For more information see Aztec Calendars Medieval MEDIEVAL CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MEDIEVAL CALENDAR CALCULATOR - Peter Binkley VERY EXTENSIVE. "...The year you enter must be between 500 and 1582..." Medieval Calendar Calculator "...allows you to see the feastdays prescribed by different calendars or uses (e.g. different dioceses, religious orders, etc.)..." "...You may create your own customised calendars in addition to the ones provided..." Persian PERSIAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS KHAYAM: A PERSIAN CALENDAR CALCULATOR - NetNative The Persian Calendar Calculator - Khayam Calculator "...allows you to convert the Jalaali and Gregorian calendars into each other. The first is official in Iran (and surrounding areas like Afghanistan, Central Asian Republics and Kurdish Mesopotamia) and the second in the west. The Jalaali calendar is named after Jalaal-ol-Din Malek-shaah-e Saljuqi by the great Iranian poet/mathematician Omar Khayyam who re-worked it in late fifth century hejri..." For more information see NetNative Roman ROMAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ROMAN NUMERAL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ROMAN DATE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ROMAN NUMERAL AND DATE CONVERSION AND ROMAN CALCULATOR - S. Gibbs, Bailiwick of Guernsey, English Channel Islands, U.K. VERY EXTENSIVE. Roman Numeral Conversion Calculator "...converts Arabic Number (the ones we use today) to Roman Number; Roman Number to Arabic Number (the ones we use today)..." Roman Date Conversion Calculator gives the current date in the: "...Gregorian Calendar; Gregorian Calendar, in Latin; Julian Calendar; Julian Calendar, in Latin; Julian Calendar, in Roman style..." For more information see Steven Gibbs' Home Page Vietnamese VIETNAMESE CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS VIETNAMESE LUNAR CALENDAR CONVERSION (JAVA APPLET) - Ho Ngoc Duc, Institute of Informatics, University of Leipzig, Germany Vietnamese Lunar Calendar Calculator "...displays a month of the Gregorian calendar with the corresponding dates of the lunar calendar used in Vietnam..." In History "...sometimes the country was divided and different calendars were used in different regions. The historical calendar takes that fact into account and prints an additional lunar day in the upper right corner whenever the calendars used in the different regions do not agree...." For more information see Ho Ngoc Duc's Homepage

Cameras - Photography

Photography Tools, Photography Courses & Teaching Modules (All Inclusive) Depth of Field ~ Exposure ~ Field of View Hyperfocal, Near Field & Far Field ~ Lens ~ Optical ~ Shutter Speed Film Development ~ Panorama Production 35mm ~ Digital Cameras Broadcast Cameras ~ CCTV & Security Cameras Microscopy Cameras ~ OEM Cameras ~ Pinhole Cameras Photomicrography ~ QTVR ~ Telescope Cameras ~ Underwater Cameras Sunrise/Sunset, Sun's Position, Moon Phase, etc.

Photography Tools, Photography Teaching Modules PHOTOGRAPHY CALCULATORS (OVERVIEW) LIGHTING TOOLS: EXPOSURE CALCULATOR - Lighttools Inc. Exposure Calculator input values include: "...Diffuser (Model; Style; Width; Height); Meter Position (Horizontal; Vertical; Distance)..." For more information see Lighttools PHOTOGRAPHY CALCULATORS - Max Lyons Digital Image Gallery VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Photography Calculators include: Depth of Field Calculator "...computes depth of field, based on aperture, focal length, distance to subject and Circle of Confusion (CoC)..." Parallax Calculator "...computes the degree of parallax error that occurs when a camera is rotated around a point that isn't the nodal point. This is useful for photographers who take a sequence of images to be stitched into a panorama..." Angular Field of View Calculator "...computes the angular field of view for a lens of a specified focal length on a 35mm camera..." Dimensional Field of View Calculator "...computes the field of view, measured in feet or meters, for a lens of a specified focal length on a 35mm camera. For most modern digital SLR cameras a focal length multiplier of greater than 1 is appropriate..." Mosaic Calculator "...computes the number of images and lens focal lengths required to create a mosaic image covering the same field of view as a single image..." For more information see Max Lyons Digital Image Gallery PHOTOGRAPHY CALCULATORS - B. Chandler, The Imaginatorium VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see The Imaginatorium Some examples of Photography Calculators include What is a close-up filter?: Basic lens calculator & Lens combination calculator How many stops Calculator ("...You can compare complete exposure settings of aperture and shutter speed, or shutter speed or aperture separately..." Focussing distance Calculator Angle of view of a lens Calculator PHOTOGRAPHY COURSES, TEACHING MODULES & DATABASES PHOTO.NET - P. Greenspun, Photo.net Multimedia Photography Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Calculators). Currently contains over "50" Photography Teaching Modules. VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Photography Subject Categories include: "...Making Photographs (Light, Lens, Film, etc.); Post-Exposure; Background; Cleaning & Repair; Darkroom; Techniques Subjects include Portraits; Architecture; Interiors; Studio & Studio Lighting; Underwater; Sports and Action; Concerts; Astrophotography; Nature Photography; Aerial Photography; etc..." For more information see Photo.net SPECTRAL SELECTIVITY - E. Scott & H. Bewley Multimedia Photography Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Spectral selectivity "...is a technique for creating images which uses intentionally limited ranges of radiation in the ultraviolet, visible or infrared portions of the spectrum..." Spectral Selectivity Subject Categories include: "...Color Vision; Reproduction of Color; Photographic Spectral Sensitivity; Filtering Spectrum; Masking Spectrum; Infrared Photography; Ultraviolet Photography; etc..." For more information see Photo.net MEDICAL & SCIENTIFIC PHOTOGRAPHY - A.R. Williams & G. Williams Multimedia Medical & Scientific Photography Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Medical & Scientific Photography Subject Categories include: "...Reflected Ultraviolet Photography; Fluorescence Photography; Infrared Photography; etc..." BLACK & WHITE DARKROOM - Barry McCartney Multimedia Darkroom Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Darkroom Subject Categories include: "...Photo-Chemistry; Image Composition; The Room; Design & Construction; Equipment; Safety & Cleanliness; Ventilation; Chemicals - Film; Chemicals - Print; Film Development; Film Data Tables; Making The Print; Paper Types; Paper Data Tables; "Push" & "Pull" Processing; "Burning" & "Dodging"; Filters; etc..." PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL DATA INDEX - Digitaltruth Photo, Houston, Texas Multimedia Film Development Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Photographic Technical Data Index Subject Categories includes: "...Camera; Toners; Intensifiers; Reducers; Ancillary; Print Developers; Film Developers General Purpose; Fine Grain; Ascorbic acid; High Acutance; Push Processing; High Contrast; Low Contrast/Soft-working; Tropical; Lantern Plate; etc..." For more information see Digitaltruth Photo THE MASSIVE DEVELOPMENT CHART - Digitaltruth Photo, Houston, Texas Multimedia Film Development Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Back & White (B/W) Film Development INPUT values include: Select from over "50" different Films "...Adox; Agfapan; APX; AGFA; Berger; Eastman; Efke; Fuji; Kodak; etc..." Select from over "60" different Developers "...Acutol; Atomal; Beutler; D-19; Dektol; Emofin; Hypercat; etc..." Back & White (B/W) Film Development OUTPUT values include: "...Film; Developer; Dilution; ASA/ISO; 35mm; 120; Sheet; Temperature; Notes..." For more information see Digitaltruth Photo THE FORMULARY: FILM DEVELOPER FORMULAS - B. Burton Multimedia Photographic Chemicals Database (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Film Developer Databases includes "...Agfa film developer formulas; Ansco film developer formulas; lford formulas; etc..." For more information see Bjorn Burtons Amateur Photographic Science Page

Depth of Field DEPTH-OF-FIELD CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DEPTH-OF-FIELD CALCULATION APPLET (JAVA APPLET) - Photo Zone, Germany VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. The Depth-of-Field "...is dependent on the OBJECT MAGNIFICATION ON THE FILM and the chosen aperture at a specific focal length..." Depth-of-Field Calculator "...will also calc the "Hyperfocal-Distance" represented by the first focus point where the Depth of Field covers the area between 1/2 of the H.-Distance up to infinity..." Depth-of-Field Calculator input values include: "...Focal Length; Focusing Distance; Circle-of-Confusion (0.03mm; 0.025mm; 0.02mm or 0.01mm);..." For more information see Technololgy or the Photo Zone DEPTH-OF-FIELD CALCULATOR & CIRCLE OF CONFUSION CALCULATOR - D. Fleming VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Depth-of-Field Calculator & Circle of Confusion Calculator input values include: "...Film format, digital camera, or custom circle of confusion for 35mm thru 8x10 Film; Agfa; Canon; Casio; Contax; Epison; Fuji; HP; Kodak; Konica; Kyocerid; Leica; Minolta; Nikon; Olympus; Panasonic Lurnix; Pentax; Samsung; Signa; Sony Cyber Shot; CoC; etc. Actual lens focal length (mm); Selected aperture & Subject distance; etc..." For more information see DOFMaster DEPTH OF FIELD CALCULATORS - Giangrandi, Switzerland VERY EXTENSIVE. Depth of Field Calculators include: Calculator for Finding the Depth of Field for a given Lens and Aperture input values include: "...Focal Length; Aperture; Object Distance; Circle of Confusion..." Calculator for Finding the required Aperture for a given Depth of Field and a given Lens input values include: "...Focal Length; Far Depth of Field; Near Depth of Field; Circle of Confusion..." For more information see Lens Calculators; Optics or Giangrandi DEPTH-OF-FIELD CALCULATOR - B. Atkins VERY EXTENSIVE. Depth-of-Field Calculator input values include: "...Film Format 35 mm Film; 1.3 x DSLR; 1.5 x DSLR; 1.6 x DSLR; 6 x 6; 6 x 7; 6 x 9; 4 x 5; 5 x 7; 8 x 10; etc. Focal Length; f/no; Object Distance..." For more information see Technical Optics; Photography or Bob Atkins Photography DEPTH-OF-FIELD CALCULATOR - J. Dudak VERY EXTENSIVE. "...Calculate depth of field or find the f/stop and focusing distance needed to keep a known near and far distance sharp with this depth-of-field calculator..." Depth-of-Field Calculator input values include: "...Film Format (35; 4.5 x 6; 6 x 7; Custom COC; etc.); Lens Focal Length; Lens f/stop; Focus Distance;..." For more information see John Dudak - Nature & Wildlife Photography DSLR AND SLR CAMERAS FIELD-OF-VIEW CALCULATOR - Howard's Astonomical Adventures DSLR and SLR Cameras Field-of-View Calculator input Values include "...Camera Type; Focal Length..." "...To generate a chart of focal length vs fov enter the starting..." For more information see Howard's Astonomical Adventures

Exposure EXPOSURE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS EMULATOR - ZONE SYSTEM EMULATOR (BASIC, INTERMEDIATE & ADVANCED LEVELS) - Lewis Downey, Circada Consulting Group VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. "...The Emulator "...will allow you to see visual representation of some of the controls of the Zone System. It is divided into three levels of control: Zone V Placement, General Subject Placement, and Modified Film Development..." For more information see The Zone System; Photography or Circada Consulting Group EXPOSURE CALCULATOR USING LIGHT, FILM, APERTURE AND SHUTTER SPEED - Robert E. Barrett Photography VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Exposure Calculator "...for the given light conditions and film speed, will calculate the appropriate camera settings to yield a correct exposure..." Exposure Calculator input values include: Light Intensity: 16 Different Light Intensities to choose from including "...Direct Sunlight on Snow or Sand; Bright or Hazy Sunlight with Shadow; Heave Overcast with no Shadow; Night: Sports Stadium; etc..." Film Speed (25, 50, 64, 100, 125, 160, etc.); Aperture Priority (Apertur f/stop); Shutter Priority (Shutter Speed); Options Allow selecting f/stops and shutter speeds using increments of: "...Full stops only; full & 1/2 stops; or full, 1/2 & 1/3 stops..." For more information see the Robert E. Barrett Photography THE CAMERA: JAVACAM (JAVA APPLET) - World Artist Directory, Access Arts, Hawaii Interactive Camera Simulation (Text & Images). Camera Simulation "...allows you to view a scene via the the camera's viewfinder and lets you take a picture. You have control over the exposure by adjusting the camera's shutter speed and lens aperture controls (in manual mode). Alternately, you could set the camera to one of its auto modes..." For more information see Art Kids Rule

Field of View FIELD-OF-VIEW CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DUDAK'S FIELD-OF-VIEW CALCULATOR - J. Dudak VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. "...Calculate field of view and compare focal lengths of all the major film formats with this field-of-view calculator. It's three calculators in one. You can also calculate focal length and focus distance..." Field-of-View Calculators include: Field-of-View Calculator; Focal Length Calculator & Focus Distance Calculator. Input values include: Formats "...35mm; 4.5x6cm; 6x6cm; 6x7cm; 6x9cm; 4x5in & 8x10in..." Focal Length; Focus Distance; Short Side; Long Side; Image Magnification; Diagonal Angle at Infinity..." For more information see John Dudak - Nature & Wildlife Photography FIELD OF VIEW CALCULATOR - Rui Slaguero, Portugal VERY EXTENSIVE. Field-of-View Calculator "...is only valid for flat films formats..." Field of View Calculator input values include: Focal Lengths of Lenses; Formats "...135 (normal or panorama); 120 (6x6, 4.5x6 or 6x7); APS (H, C or P); Large (4x5, 5x7 or 8x10); Other (Width; Length)..." For more information see Rui Pedro Mendes Salgueiro's Home Page IMAGE CALCULATOR - DEPTH OF FIELD AND FIELD OF VIEW CALCULATOR (ENGLISH & METRIC) - Panavision NZ Ltd & Panavision Inc VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Image Calculator input values include: Subject Distance; Focal Length of Lens; Aperture "...f1, f1.4, f2, f2.8, f4, f5.6, f8, f11, f16, etc..." Format "...Panavision Standard 35mm (Various); Genesis CCD 35mm CCD HDTV etc.; Arri Standard 35mm (Various); Photographic 35mm, 6x6, 6x7, etc.; Video 2/3, 1/2, 1/4, etc.; etc..." For more information see Panavision Tools or Panavision Inc. Hyperfocal, Near Field & Far Field HYPERFOCAL DISTANCE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS HYPERFOCAL DISTANCE CALCULATOR - M.S. Baltuch, Mountain Storm Fine Arts, Westminster, Colorado Hyperfocal Distance Calculator "...is a useful tool for providing maximum depth of field. Primarily used with wide angle lenses and small apertures, focusing at the hyperfocal point will provide a depth of field that extends from halfway between the camera and the focus point out to infinity..." For more information see Mountain Storm Fine Arts HYPERFOCAL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS HYPERFOCAL AND DEPTH-OF-FIELD CALCULATOR - Thomas Hallstein, Outsight Photography Hyperfocal and Depth-of-Field Calculator input values include: "...Format (35mm, 6x6cm, 4x5in, Digital LMF); Lens Focal Length; Aperture f-stop..." For more information see Focus Pocus: Depth of Field Calculators for Photographers or Outsight Photography NEAR FIELD CALCULATORS & FAR FIELD CALCULATORS NEAR FIELD - FAR FIELD CALCULATOR - Thomas Hallstein, Outsight Photography Near Field - Far Field Calculator input values include: "...Format (35mm, 6x6cm, 4x5in, Digital LMF); Lens Focal Length; Enter f-stop and Focus Distance OR Enter Near and Far Focus Limits..." For more information see Focus Pocus: Depth of Field Calculators for Photographers or Outsight Photography

Lens LENS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS LENS ANGLE OF VIEW LENS ANGLE OF VIEW CALCULATORS - M. Sweeting VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Mark Sweeting's Home Page Lens Angle of View Calculators include Canon EF Lens Angle of View Calculator Canon EF Lens Angle of View Calculator input values include: "...Select Canon Camera; Select Reading Direction; Select Canon EF Lens..." Canon EF-S Lens Angle of View Calculator Canon EF-S Lens Angle of View Calculator input values include: "...Select Canon Camera; Select Reading Direction; Select Canon EF-S Lens..." Nikon Nikkor Lens Angle of View Calculator Nikon Nikkor Lens Angle of View Calculator input values include: "...Select Nikon Camera; Select Reading Direction; Select Nikon Nikkor Lens..." Sigma Lens Angle of View Calculator Sigma Lens Angle of View Calculator input values include: "...Select Camera Body; Select Reading Direction; Select Sigma Lens..." Medium Format Lens Angle of View Calculator Medium Format Lens Angle of View Calculator input values include: "...Select Format; Select Reading Direction; Select Lens..." CCTV Lens Angle of View Calculator CCTV Lens Angle of View Calculator input values include: "...Select CCD Size; Select Reading Direction; Select Lens..." LENS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS EXACTLY HOW LONG A LENS DO YOU NEED? - CALCULATOR - P. Greenspun, Photo.net How Long a Lens Do You Need Calculator input values include: "...How far away is your subject; How high is the object you want to fill the frame..." For more information see Making Photographs or Photo.net LENS CALCULATORS - Giangrandi, Switzerland VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Optics or Giangrandi Lens Calculators include: Lens Focal Length Calculator Lens Focal Length Calculator input values include: "...Object Size; Image Size; Object Distance..." Lens Exposure/Luminance Calculator Lens Exposure/Luminance Calculator "...is intended for using an SLR camera as a luminance meter. Just frame the scene you want to measure and read the suggested shutter time and aperture..." Lens Exposure/Luminance Calculator input values include: "...Aperture; Exposure Time; Sensitivity..." Depth of Field Calculator Depth of Field Calculators include: Calculator for Finding the Depth of Field for a given Lens and Aperture input values include: "...Focal Length; Aperture; Object Distance; Circle of Confusion..." Calculator for Finding the required Aperture for a given Depth of Field and a given Lens input values include: "...Focal Length; Far Depth of Field; Near Depth of Field; Circle of Confusion..." LENS TECHNOLOGY DATABASES CANON LENSES - DATABASE - Canon, Inc. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Multimedia Canon Lenses Database (Text, Images & Animations). For more information see the Canon Camera Museum or Canon CANON VIRTUAL LENS PLANT & TECHNICAL ROOM - Canon, Inc. Multimedia Interactive Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Canon's Technology Hall includes: "...Virtual Lens Plant (Material Processing Process;\ Lens Machining Process; Lens Assembly Process); etc..." For more information see the Canon Camera Museum or Canon Optical OPTICAL REALTED CALCULATORS & APPLETS FOR OPTICS (LIGHT AND OPTICS; OPTICAL SCIENCES; OPTICAL ENGINEERING, CHROMATICITY, LASERS, PHOTONICS, ETC.) CALCULATORS SEE THE ENGINEERING CALCULATOR CENTER: OPTICS OPTICAL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS OPTICAL CALCULATORS - JML Optical Industries, Inc. VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Optical Calculator "...allows the user to type in parameters and it calculates the answer of various optical and mathematical formulae used by the optical industry. You can obtain information such as Half angle, Focal length, Nodal point separation, Magnification, Sag, etc..." Examples from "18" Optical Calculators include: "...Sag Equation Calculator; Needle Point Seperation Calculator; Totla Included Angle Calculator; Number of Rings Calculator; Hypontenuse Calculator; Diopters to Fringes Calculator; Radius Calculator; Total Conjugate Length Calculator; Wedge in mm over the given Diameter Calculator; etc..." For more information see JML Optical Industries, Inc. Shutter Speed SHUTTER SPEED CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DUDAK'S SHUTTER SPEED CALCULATOR - J. Dudak VERY EXTENSIVE. Shutter Speed Calculator allow you to "...calculate action-stopping or blur-producing shutter speeds or the blur rendered by a shutter speed..." Shutter Speed Calculator input values include: "...Format; Lens Focal Length; Focus Distance; Subject Speed; Print Blur; Shutter Speed Fraction; Shutter Speed Seconds..." For more information see John Dudak - Nature & Wildlife Photography

Film Development Database, Teaching Modules & Calculators FILM DEVELOPMENT TEACHING MODULES & DATABASES PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL DATA INDEX - Digitaltruth Photo, Houston, Texas Multimedia Film Development Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Photographic Technical Data Index Subject Categories includes: "...Camera; Toners; Intensifiers; Reducers; Ancillary; Print Developers; Film Developers General Purpose; Fine Grain; Ascorbic acid; High Acutance; Push Processing; High Contrast; Low Contrast/Soft-working; Tropical; Lantern Plate; etc..." For more information see Digitaltruth Photo THE MASSIVE DEVELOPMENT CHART - Digitaltruth Photo, Houston, Texas Multimedia Film Development Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Back & White (B/W) Film Development INPUT values include: Select from over "50" different Films "...Adox; Agfapan; APX; AGFA; Berger; Eastman; Efke; Fuji; Kodak; etc..." Select from over "60" different Developers "...Acutol; Atomal; Beutler; D-19; Dektol; Emofin; Hypercat; etc..." Back & White (B/W) Film Development OUTPUT values include: "...Film; Developer; Dilution; ASA/ISO; 35mm; 120; Sheet; Temperature; Notes..." For more information see Digitaltruth Photo FILM DEVELOPMENT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS EMULATOR - ZONE SYSTEM EMULATOR (BASIC, INTERMEDIATE & ADVANCED LEVELS) - Lewis Downey, Circada Consulting Group VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. The Emulator "...allows you to 'meter' on one of five subject areas and expose according to that 'meter reading'..." For more information see The Zone System; Photography or Circada Consulting Group FILM DEVELOPER CALCULATOR (ENTWICKLUNGSZEITEN-RECHNER) - PHOTOTEC, Germany In German/Deutsch. For more information see PHOTOTEC GRAPH AND LABLE YOUR FILM TEST RESULTS CALCULATORS & APPLETS FILM TESTS: GRAPHING APPLICATION - Lewis Downey, Circada Consulting Group VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Film Tests allows you "...to automatically graph and label your film test results..." For more information see Film Tests; The Zone System; Photography or Circada Consulting Group Panorama Production PANORAMA PRODUCTION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS FIELD-OF-VIEW AND PANORAMA PRODUCTION CALCULATOR - Frank van der Pol Digitale Fotografie, The Netherlands VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Field-of-View and Panorama Production Calculator INPUT values include "...Focal Length; Size Utilization; Film/CCD Length; Film/CCD Width; Minimum Image Circle..." Field-of-View and Panorama Production Calculator OUTPUT values include "...For Fisheye Lens & For Normal Lens Calculate Image; Calculate Panorama; Calculate Overlap..." For more information see Frank van der Pol Digitale Fotografie PANORAMA LENS CALCULATORS - James Rigg, Panoguide VERY EXTENSIVE. Panorama Lens Calculators are "...intended to help you work out the settings for your camera/lens..." Panorama Lens Calculators include: Camera Lens Calculator "...Lens Focal Length, Film Format, Field of View..." Film Scan Calculator "...Scan Resolution, Scan Size, Scan Accuracy, etc..." For more information see Panoguide

35mm 35MM CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS 35MM EQUIVALENT FOCAL LENGTH CALCULATOR - phpGraphy VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. 35mm Equivalent Focal Length Calculator input values include: "...Pentax; Casio; Canon (EOS, Digital, Power Shot); Kodak Zoom Digital Camera; Nikon (D70, DIX, CoolPix); Olympus; etc..." For more information see phpGraphy Digital Cameras DIGITAL CAMERA CALCULATORS & APPLETS DIGITAL CAMERA CALCULATOR - PanoShow VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Digital Camera Calculator INPUT values include: "...Select Camera (Canon, Kodak, Minolta, Nikon, etc.); etc..." Digital Camera Calculator OUTPUT values include: "... CCD active area size in millimeters; Pixel size in micrometers; Field of view in landscape mode, degrees; Field of view in portrait mode, degrees..." For more information see PanoShow DIGITAL CAMERA RESOLUTION: MEGAPIXEL CALCULATOR - Peter Forret VERY EXTENSIVE. Megapixel Calculator "...a tool to calculate and convert graphical resolution, image memory consumption and file sizes (JPG/TIF/RAW)..." Megapixel Calculator (Digital Camera Resolution Calculator) INPUT values include: "...How many Pixels in a DVD image: Wide & High..." Megapixel Calculator (Digital Camera Resolution Calculator) OUTPUT values include: "...Aspect Ratio; File Size (Type, Filesize, Description & File Compression Estimations); Memory Card (Type, Filesize, etc.); Video (Type, 15, 24, 25 & 30 fps); Print Size (Type, Maximum Width & Height, Description)..." For more information see Web Tools by Peter Forret Broadcast Equipment - 35mm Still, 35mm Movie, Super 16mm Movie, etc. BROADCAST REALTED CALCULATORS & APPLETS FOR BROADCAST ENGINEERING CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE THE ENGINEERING CALCULATOR CENTER: BROADCAST ENGINEERING FOR MOTION PICTURES, DVD'S & TV (CINEMATOGRAPHY, SOUND EFFECTS ETC.) CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE THE MOTION PICTURES, DVD'S & TV LENS CALCULATORS FOR BROADCAST EQUIPMENT CANON LENS CALCULATORS FOR BROADCAST EQUIPMENT - Canon, Inc. VERY EXTENSIVE. Canon Lens Calculators for Broadcast Equipment include: Angle of View Calculator INPUT values include: "...Focal Length..." Angle of View Calculator OUTPUT values include: Image Size: Image Format (35mm Still; 35mm Movie; Super 16mm Movie; 2/3" 16:9 Wide Screen; 2/3" 4:3 Cross Over & Standar; etc.); Angle of View (Horizontal Degrees; Vertical Degrees & Diagonal Degrees)..." Depth of Field Calculator for HDTV and SDTV input values include: "...f Number; Object Distance; Focal Length..." Horizontal Object Dimension Calculator; Object Distance Calculator; Focal Length Calculator. For more information see Canon CCTV - Security Cameras CCTV CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SECURITY CAMERAS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CCTV CALCULATORS - Vihon Associates, LLC. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. CCTV Calculators include: "...Bandwidth Calculator; Speed Test Calculator; Storage Calculator; Wire Gage Calculator; Lens Calculator; Image Rates Calculator; RAID Calculator; etc..." For more information see Vihon Associates, LLC. CCTV CALCULATORS - STAM Multimedia Inc. VERY EXTENSIVE. CCTV Calculators include: "...Lens Calculator; Camera/Lens Format Calculator; Hard Disk Calculator; Voltage Drop Calculator; Pan Speed Calculator; Camera Calculator.." For more information see STAM Multimedia Inc. DIGITAL VIDEO RECORDER FRAME RATE CALCULATOR - Panasonic Corporation of North America VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Digital Video Recorder Frame Rate Calculator input values include: "...Camera Recording Intreval; Camera Recording Rate..." For more information see Security Systems or Panasonic Corporation of North America Other Digital Video Camera Calculators include: Digital Video Camera Capacity Calculator Digital Video Camera Capacity Calculation input values include: "...Picture Quality; Recording Time; System Recording Interval; etc..." Digital Video Camera Recording Interval Calculation Digital Video Camera Recording Interval Calculation input values include: "...Picture Quality; Recording Time; etc..." Digital Video Camera Recording Time Calculation Digital Video Camera Recording Time Calculation input values include: "...Picture Quality; HDD Capacity; Camera Recording Interval..." VIDEO SECURITY TOOLS - Pelco VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Support or Pelco Some examples from over "4" Calculators include Field of View Calculator Voltage Calculator Wire Gage Calculator CCTV LENS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SURVEILLANCE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS VIDCAL: DETERMINE THE IMAGE SIZE OF AN OBSERVED OBJECT - VIDEO CAMERA CALCULATOR - I. Harre, Bremen, Germany VERY EXTENSIVE. VidCalc Calculator "...A video camera is often part of a surveillance system. In the design phase the proper lens must be seclected, so that an object of a certain size will be shown large enough on the monitor. The VidCalc calculator...calculates the image size of an object..." Video Camera Calculator input values include: "...Object Dimension; Object Distance; Focal Length; Camera Chip Size..." For more information see Ingo Harre's Home Page CCTV LENS CALCULATOR - Polaris Industries, Inc. CCTV Lens Calculator input values include: "...Image Height, Image Width, Distance, Object Height, Object Width, Camara Format, Focal Length, Monitor Size, etc..." For more information see Polaris Industries, Inc.

Microscopy Cameras MICROSCOPY REALTED CALCULATORS & APPLETS FOR MICROSCOPY, FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY, TEREOMICROSCOPY, PHOTOMICROGRAPHY, CONFOCAL MICROSCOPOY, ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY, NAOMICROSCOPY ETC. CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE THE CHEMISTRY CENTER: MICROSCOPY MICROSCOPY CAMERA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MICROSCOPY FIELD-OF-VIEW CALCULATOR - Zeiss Microscopy Field-of-View Calculator input values include "...Field of View Number from Eyepieces; Objective Magnification; Optovar Magnification; If Camera CCD Chip Diagonal & Camera Adapter Magnification..." For more information see Zeiss OEM Cameras OEM REALTED CALCULATORS & APPLETS FOR ENGINEERING CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE THE ENGINEERING CALCULATOR CENTER OEM CAMERA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS OEM CAMERA FIELD-OF-VIEW CALCULATOR - Sensor Technologies America, Inc. OEM Camera Field-of-View Calculator input values include "...CCD Format; Distance to Object; Sidth or Height of Image; Calculated Lens Size..." For more information see Sensor Technologies America, Inc. Pinhole Cameras PINHOLE CAMERA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PINHOLE PHOTOGRAPHY & CAMERA DESIGN CALCULATORS - L. Fratkin, MrPinhole's Pinhole Camera Design Center VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Camera Design Calculators include: Penhole Camera Design Calculator input values include: "...Focal length; Pinhole diameter; F Stop; Film Dimension; Film Speed..." Pinhole Size Calculator; Pinhole Camera Light Meter Calculator; Monitor Calibrations; Zone Plate Calculator; etc. For more information see MrPinhole's Pinhole Camera Design Center PINHOLE CALCULATOR - B. Manekshaw, PhotoStuff, U.K. Pinhole Calculator input values include: "...Depth of Camera from pinhole to film; Aperture Diameter; Metered Aperture; Metered Exposure Time..." For more information see Bob Manekshaw's PhotoStuff Photomicrography PHOTOMICROGRAPHY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PHOTOMICROGRAPHY (SHOCKWAVE & JAVA APPLETS) - Olympus Corporation Multimedia Photomicrography Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations & Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Introduction to Optical Microscopy, Digital Imaging, and Photomicrography; Optical Microscopy for Biomedical Applications or Olympus Corporation Some examples from over "30" Photomicrography Applets & Calculators include Color Temperature Conversion Filter Calculator Film Exposure Calculation in Photomicrography Filter Classes Exposure Metering Building A Charge-Coupled Device QTVR - Quicktime VR QUICKTIME VR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS QUICKTIME VR AUTHORING CALCULATORS & TOOLS - K. Turkowski, Menlo Park, CA VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see QuickTime VR or Ken Turkowski's Home Page Some examples of QuickTime VR (QTVR) Calculators include Optimum Zoom Calculator Pan and Tilt Range Calculator Vertical Cropping Calculator Telescope Cameras TELESCOPE REALTED CALCULATORS & APPLETS FOR TELESCOPE DESIGN, EYEPIECES, OBSERVATORY TOOLS & CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE THE PHYSICS, ASTROPHYSICS & ASTRONOMY: TELESCOPES TELESCOPE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CCD IMAGING TEACHING MODULES & CALCULATORS - Starizona Multimedia CCD Imaging Teaching Modules & Calculators (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. CCD Imaging Calculators include: Pixel Resolution & Field-of-View Calculator input values include: "...CCD Camera (Apogee, AstroVid, Canon, FLI, MaxCam, Meade, etc.); Telescope (Astro-Physics, Celestron, INTES, etc.); Pixel Binning..."; Equivalent Exposure Calculator input values include: "...Original Luminance (L) Exposure; Original Red (R) Exposure; Original Green (G) Exposure; Original Blue (B) Exposure; Original CCD Camera; Original Telescope; Original Luminance Binning; New Telescope; etc..."; Ideal Exposure Calculator input values includes: "...CCD Camera; Test Exposure Time in Minutes; Measured Background Value; Percent Contribution from Readout Noise..."; Flat Field Value Calculator input values includes: "...CCD Camera; User Defined Full Well Capacity; User Defined System Gain..."; Eyepiece Projection Calculator input values includes: "...Original Telescope Focal Length; Original Telescope Focal Ratio; Eyepiece Focal Length; etc...". For more information see Guide to CCD Imaging or Starizona Examples of CCD Imaging Teaching Modules include Basics of CCD Imaging Basics of CCD Imaging includes "...Introduction to CCD Imaging; Basics of Taking CCD Images; Image Processing; etc..." Advanced CCD Techniques Advanced CCD Techniques includes "...Acvanced CCD Equipment, Imaging Techniques, Image Processing, etc..." CALCULATOR FOR MAGNITUDE LIMITS FOR CCD & TELESCOPE - L. Bogan VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Magnitude Limit of CCD Camera and Telescope Calculator "...determines the response of a telescope and CCD camera to given stars and seeing conditions..." Magnitude Limit of CCD Camera and Telescope Calculator input values include: "...Stellar Values: Star's Zenith Distance, V-band Magnitude, etc.; Site and Date; Phase and Postion of the Moon, Position of the Sun; Telescope and Detector: Telescope Aperture, Diameter of Secondary Mirror, Number of Mirror surfaces, Pixel Size, Read Noise of CCD, Filter and CCD Parameters, etc...." For more information see Larry Bogan's Conservation, Astronomy, Physics and Soaring Page PIXEL SCALE CALCULATOR - Winchester Electronics VERY EXTENSIVE. Pixel Scale Calculator INPUT values include: "...Aperture; Focal Ratio; CCD Camera; Binning; Seeing (arcsec)..." Pixel Scale Calculator OUTPUT values include: Telescope "...Focal Length, Resolution..." CCD "...Pixel Array, Raw Pixel Size, Pixel Array After Binning, etc..." Imaging "...Optimum Focal Length, Optimum Focal Ratio)..." For more information see Starlight Xpress: Astronomical and Industrial CCD Cameras Underwater Photography UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY REALTED CALCULATORS & APPLETS FOR SCUBA DIVING CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE THE SPORTS CALCULATOR CENTER: SCUBA DIVING UNDERWATER VIDEO CAMERA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS VIDEO CAMERA LENS FIELD-OF-VIEW CALCULATIONS: IN AIR & SEAWATER - DeepSea Power & Light Video Camera Lens Field-of-View Calculator: in Air & Seawater INPUT values include: "...Video Format "...1/4 inch, 1/3 inch, 1/2 inch, 2/3 inch, 1 inch..." Parameters "...Focal Length of Lens, Distance to Object..." Video Camera Lens Field of View Calculator OUTPUT values include Video Camera Lens Field of View Data in SEAWATER "...Decimal Degrees: Horizontal FOV, Vertical FOV, Diagonal FOV; Decimal Minutes: Horizontal FOV & Size, Vertical FOV & Size, Diagonal FOV & Size Video Camera Lens Field of View Data in AIR "...Decimal Degrees: Horizontal FOV, Vertical FOV, Diagonal FOV; Decimal Minutes: Horizontal FOV & Size, Vertical FOV & Size, Diagonal FOV & Size..." For more information see DeepSea Power & Light

Sunrise/Sunset, Sun's Position, Moon Phase, etc. SUNRISE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SUNSET CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MOON PHASES CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS COMPLETE SUN AND MOON DATA FOR ONE DAY CALCULATOR - Astronomical Applications Department, U.S. Naval Observatory VERY EXTENSIVE. Sun and Moon Data for One Day Calculator output values include: Sun "...Begin Civil Twilight; Sunrise; Sun Transit; Sunset; End Civil Twilight..." Moon "...Moonset; Moonrise; Moon Transit; Moonset; Moonrise..." Other Astronomical Calculators Subject Categories include: "...Rise/Set/Transit/Twilight Data; Phases of the Moon; Eclipses and Transits; Positions of Selected Celestial Objects; Synthetic Views of the Earth and Solar System Bodies; Dates; Celestial Navigation; etc..." For more information see Astronomical Applications; Site Map or Astronomical Applications Department MOON PHASE CALCULATOR - Time Service Department, United States Naval Observatory Moon Phase Calculator includes "...Current Phase of the Moon or view the phase of the Moon for any date and time between 1800-2199 A.D...." For more information see Time Service Department MOON PHASE CALCULATOR - The University of Texas McDonald Observatory "...Moon Phases for the entire Month..." For more information see StarDate PHOTOPERIOD CALCULATOR: COMPUTATION OF DAYLENGTHS, SUNRISE/SUNSET TIMES, TWILIGHT AND LOCAL NOON - J. Lammi, Finland VERY EXTENSIVE. Photoperiod Calculator output values include "...Daylength; Begin of Nautical Twilight; Begin of Civil Twilight; Sunrise Time; Sunset Time; End of Civil Twilight; End of Nautical Twilight; Maximum Height Angle; Declination of Sun; Sun Altitude & Azimuth; Solar power at Noon; For more information see J. Lammi's Home Page (No.1); J. Lammi's Home Page (No.2) or J. Lammi's Home Page (No.3) SUN, MOON AND EARTH (JAVA APPLET) - J. Giesen English & German/Deutsch. VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Sun, Moon & Earth Calculator "...displays the positions of the Sun and Moon on the horizon for any date, time and location, and on a world map with day and night regions. The times of rise and setting,..." For more information see GeoAstro Applets; Astro Applets; Astronomy and related stuff or Juergen Giesen's Physik und Astronomie Examples from over "20" GeoAstro Calculators & Applets include Sun Plotter Applet Analemma Sundial Applet Sun position (polar coordinates) Applet SUNRISE/SUNSET (JAVA APPLET) - Pangolin Communications, Auckland, New Zealand Sunrise Calculator - Sunset Calculator includes: "...Sun Rise & Set; Civil Twilight & Nautical Twilight..." For more information see Alamanac On-line or Pangolin Communications SUNRISE/SUNSET CALCULATOR - C. Cornwall, A. Horiuchi & C. Lehman, Surface Radiation Research Branch (SRRB), Air Resources Laboratory, NOAA VERY EXTENSIVE. Sunrise Calculator - Sunset Calculator includes: "...Equation of Time; Solar Declination; Apparent Sunrise; Solar Noon; Apparent Sunset..." For more information see Solar Calculators or the Surface Radiation Research Branch SUNRISE/SUNSET CALCULATOR FOR AM STATIONS IN THE U.S. - D. Bickel, Audio Services Division, Mass Media Bureau, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Sunrise Calculator - Sunset Calculator for AM Stations in the U.S.: "...These values are important to those AM stations who must reduce power, cease operations, or change to directional operation during the nighttime hours, as well as the stations protected by the changed operation..." For more information see Radio Tools or the Audio Services Division

Canals, Ships, Maritime

Navigation ~ Ports & Ships, Distance & Voyage Time Marine Weather ~ Canal & Straits Tolls ~ Port Costs & Tolls Navigating Ports ~ River Navigating

Navigation NAVIGATION COURSES, DATABASES, CALCULATORS & APPLETS FOR NAVIGATION CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE CALCULATORS CENTER PART I:I-N: NAVIGATION - OCEAN AND SEA NAVIGATION FOR COASTAL ENGINEERING CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE THE ENGINEERING A-Z CALCULATORS CENTER: COASTAL ENGINEERING FOR NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, MARINE & OCEAN ENGINEERING CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE THE ENGINEERING A-Z CALCULATORS CENTER: NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, MARINE & OCEAN ENGINEERING FOR NAVIGATION COURSES SEE NAVIGATION FOR MARITIME COURSES, DATABASES & DICTIONARIES SEE MARITIME, SHIPS, SAILING, BOATING Ports & Ships and Distance & Voyage Time SHIPS & PORTS DATABASES CARGO PORTS WORLD WIDE - D. Nugent VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Cargo Ports Databases includes "...various ports and terminals throughout the world which provide information to the marine community on vessel traffic, type of cargo handled, etc..." For more information see Don Nugent's Home Page MARITIME COMPANIES WORLD WIDE - D. Nugent VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Maritime Companies Database includes "...Shipping Companies; Drilling Companies; Shipyards; Classification Societies and Agents...." For more information see Don Nugent's Home Page PORTS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DISTANCE & VOYAGE TIME CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DATALOY DISTANCE TABLE: PORTS DISTANCE & VOYAGE TIME CALCULATOR - Datalay VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Dataloy Distance Table: Ports Distance & Voyage Time Calculator includes "...5300 Ports/Maritime Locations; 23000 Waypoints; 150000 Logical Relations Between Waypoints; 11000 Geographical References including: Capes, Lighthouses, Reefs, Islands, etc..." WORLD JOURNEY PLANNER - CALCULATOR - G. Nicholson, WhereAreWe?, i Mapping Ltd., New Zealand VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. World Journey Planner Calculator input values include: Start Point "...Name, Latitude, Longitude, etc..." Next Point "...Name, Latitude, Longitude, Distance, Time, etc..." Current Position; Speed; etc. For more information see Calculators; Gary Nicholson's Original Home Page; WhereAreWe? or i Mapping Ltd. Marine Weather MARINE WEATHER SCALES FOR MORE WEATHER/METEOROLOGY CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE WEATHER/METEOROLOGY MARINE WEATHER SCALES - Marine Waypoints Marine Wearther Scales include: "...Beaufort Wind Scale; Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale; Dvorak Current Intensity Chart (Dvorak Hurricane Intensity Scale); Wind Warnings; Fujita Tornado Scale..." For more information see Marine Waypoints MARINE WEATHER CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS INTERNATIONAL SATELLITE (WORLD WEATHER MAP) - Aaviation Weather, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see National Weather Center METEOROLOGY, OCENAOGRAPHY & TROPICAL APPS WEATHER DATABASES - Fleet Numerical Meteorlogy and Oceanography Center, Department of Defense VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Meteorology, Oceanography & Tropical Databases include: Meteorology Databases "...MyWxmap; WXMap; Coverage; EFS (Gale Probability, Percipitation Probability, etc.); EFS Plumes;..." Oceanography Databases "...WW3; WW3 Ensmeble; NCODA (Sea Surface Temperature, SST Anomaly, SST Climatology); etc..." Tropical Apps Databases "...TC Web & TC Tracts..." For more information see the Fleet Numerical Meteorlogy and Oceanography Center CURRENT MARINE WEATHER WORLD WIDE - Ocean Weather VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Marine Wearther includes: "...Significant Wave Height with Wave Direction; Marine Ovservations & Model Pressures; Sea Surface Temperature..." For more information see Ocean Weather Jet Stream Analysis & Forcasts JET STREAM ANALYSIS & FORECASTS (REAL-TIME & FORECASTS) - Meteorology Program, Department of Geosciences, San Francisco State University VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Jet Stream Analysis & Forecasts Database includes Daily Analysis & Forecasts for "...Northern Hemisphere; Southern Hemisphere; Eastern Pacific; North Atlantic; etc..." For more information see California Regional Weather Server WORLD JET STREAM (REAL-TIME) - The Weather Channel Interactive, Inc. For more information see U.K. Weather Buoy Data BUOY DATA IN REAL-TIME - COASTAL U.S., NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC, COASTAL CANADA, CARIBBEAN, COASTAL EUROPE, ETC. - National Data Buoy Center, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Buoy Data Database includes Current Conditions & Previous Observations for: "...Wind Direction (WDIR); Wind Speed (WSPD); Wind Gust (GST); Wave Height (WVHT); Dominant Wave Period (DPD); Average Period Average Period (APD); Atmospheric Pressure (PRES); Pressure Tendency (PTDY); Air Temperature (ATMP); Water Temperature (WTMP); Wind Chill (CHILL)..." For more information see the National Weather Center Sea Winds TODAY'S SEAWINDS - WINDS, JPL, NASA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. "...The 'overlays' combine the cloud imagery from several geosynchronous satellites with SeaWinds scatterometry..." For more information see WINDS Tsunamis TSUNAMI: PACIFIC OCEAN, HAWAII, INDIAN OCEAN, & PUERTO RICO AND THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS - Pacific Tsunami Waring System, Pacific Region Headquarters, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Pacific Tsunami Waring System Database includes: "...Most Recent Event Message; Location Map; Tsunami Zone; etc., for Pacific Oceans, Hawaii, Indian Ocean & Puerto Rico & the U.S. Virgin Islands.." For more information see the Pacific Region Headquarters, Hawaii or the National Weather Center TSUNAMI - U.S. WEST COAST & ALASKA - West Coast & Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the West Coast & Alaska Tsunami Warning Center or the National Weather Center AUSTRALIA MARINE WEATHER - Bureau of Meteorology, Commonwealth of Australia VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Australia Marine Weather Databases include: "...Tides; Sea Level; Tsunami Alerts; Ocean Temperature; Wave Heights; Forecasts; etc..." For more information see the Bureau of Meteorology JAPAN CURRENT TSUNAMI WARNING BULLETINS - Japan Meteorological Agency VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. In Japanese & English. For more information see the Japan Meteorological Agency DEEP OCEAN ASSESSMENT AND REPORTING OF TSUNAMIS (DART) - REAL-TIME DATA BUOY DATA FOR ALASKA, WESTERN CANADA, U.S. WEST COAST, HAWAII, NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC, U.S. EAST COAST, & CARIBBEAN - National Data Buoy Center, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. "...Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) Project is an ongoing effort to maintain and improve the capability for the early detection and real-time reporting of tsunamis in the open ocean..." For more information see National Data Buoy Center or the National Weather Center

Toll Calculations for Major Canals & Straits TOLL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS BOSPHORUS & DARDANELLES STRAITS TOLL CALCULATOR FOR BOSPHORUS & DARDANELLES STRAITS - Leth Agencies Toll Calculator for Bosphorus & Dardanelles Straits input values include: "...GRT, NRT, etc..." For more information see Leth Agencies TOLL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PANAMA CANAL TOLL CALCULATORS, TARIFFS & LIVE CAMERAS PANAMA CANAL AUTHORITY TOLLS ASSESSMENT - Panama Canal Authority Panama Canal Authority Tolls Assessment "...on May 1, 2005, continuing with the segmentation changes started in 2002, a revised measurement and pricing system entered into force, applicable to full container vessels and other vessels types..." For more information see Marine Tariffs or the Panama Canal Authority Also see Panama Canal Live Cameras (Miralores Locks - Panama City and the Gatun Locks - Colon) How the Canal Works (Shockwave) TOLL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SUEZ CANAL SUEZ CANAL TOLL CALCULATOR - Leth Suez Transit Ltd AS Suez Canal Toll Calculator input values include: Tariffs "...Tankers of Crude Oil; LNG Carriers; LPC Carriers; Chemical Carriers; etc..." SCNRT; Condition; Transit draft; SDR/USD. For more information see Leth Suez Transit SUEZ CANAL TOLL CALCULATOR - Gulf Agency Co. (GAC Egypt), a division of Gulf Agency Company Ltd., Dubai, United Arab Emirates Suez Canal Toll Calculator input values include: Tariffs "...Tankers of Crude Oil; LNG Carriers; LPC Carriers; Chemical Carriers; etc..." SCNRT; Condition; Transit draft; SDR/USD. For more information see Gulf Agency Co. (GAC Egypt) Major International Port Costs & Tolls PORT COST CALCULATORS & APPLETS - PORT TOLL CALCULATORS & APPLETS EGYPT, IRAN, TURKEY, SINGAPORE & THAILAND PORT COSTS TOLL CALCULATORS FOR PORTS IN EGYPT, IRAN, TURKEY, SINGAPORE & THAILAND - Leth Agencies VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Port Costs Toll Calculators for Ports in Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Singapore & Thailand input values include: "...GRT; Draft; LOA..." For more information see Leth Agencies CHINA: PORT TARIFF, COSTS, FEES - CALCULATORS & APPLETS CHINA PORTS (GUANGZHOU, LANSHAN, SHANGHAI, ETC.) - Far East International Ship Agency (FEISA), LETH Feisa, Leth Agencies VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. China Ports Databases & Calculators for the Ports of Shanghai, Tianjin, Yantai, Yingkou, Chengxi Shipyard, Penglai, Qingdao, Rizhao, Weihai, Jinan, Dalian, Guangzhou, Lanshan include: "...Maps; Country information; Port summary; Bunkering; Services; Forwarding; Navigation/Berthing; Tariff Calculator; etc..." For more information see Leth Agencies EGYPT: PORT TARIFF, COSTS, FEES - CALCULATORS & APPLETS PORTS IN EGYPT (ABU KIR, ALEXANDRIA, PORT SAID, SUEZ, ETC.) - LETH Suez, Leth Agencies VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Ports in Egypt Databases & Calculators for the Ports of Sidi Kerir, Sokhna Port, Wadi Feiran, Suez, Suez Canal Transit, Abu Kir, Abu Zenima, Adabiya, Ain Sukhna, Alexandria, Ras Sudr, Ras Budran, Ras Shukheir, Port Said, etc include: "...Maps; Country Information; Port Summary; Facilities Tanker, Gas, Liquid, Container, DryBulk, etc. Services; Forwarding; Navigation/Berthing; Tariff Calculator; etc..." For more information see Leth Agencies GERMANY: PORT TARIFF, COSTS, FEES - CALCULATORS & APPLETS PORT DUE CALCULATOR & WHARFAGE CHARGE CALCULATOR - Duisport, Germany Port Due Calculator input values include: "...Deadweight; Cargo; Arrival Date & Time; Departure Date & Time..." Wharfage Charge Calculator input values include: "...Cargo Class according to Cargo List as grouped for Wharfage; Weight..." For more information see Duisport MALAYSIA: PORT TARIFF, COSTS, FEES - CALCULATORS & APPLETS TARIFF CALCULATORS - Lumut Port, Malaysia Malaysia Port Tariff Calculators include: Marine and Cargo Tariff Calculator input values include: Charges "...Marine and Cargo; Marine Only; Cargo Only..." Terminal "...Lekir Bulk Terminal (LBT), Lumut Maritime Terminal (LMT)..." Lumut Port Container Line Tariff Calculator input values include: "...Import; Export; Repositioning..." For more information see Site Map or Lumut Port QATAR: PORT TARIFF, COSTS, FEES - CALCULATORS & APPLETS PORT TARIFF CALCULATOR - Ras Laffan Port, Ras Laffan Industrial City, Qatar Ras Laffan Port, Qatar Port Tarrif Calculator input values include: "...Vessel Name; Official Number; GRT; NRT; DWT; LOA; Draft; Stay; Type of Ship: LNG Berth, Cargo, Tanker. etc..." For more information see Ras Laffan Industrial City SINGAPORE: PORT TARIFF, COSTS, FEES - CALCULATORS & APPLETS SHIP REGISTRATION FEE CALCULATOR - Singapore Maritime Portal, Singapore Singapore Ship Registration Fee Calculator input values include: "...Number of Vessels to Register; Company Name; etc..." For more information see Singapore Maritime Portal TURKEY: PORT TARIFF, COSTS, FEES - CALCULATORS & APPLETS TURKISH PORTS (ALIAGA, ANTALYA, IZMIT, ETC.) - Mastership, LETH Mastership, Leth Agencies VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Turkish Ports Databases & Calculators of the Ports of Trabzon, Mersin, Samsun, Aliaga, Antalya, Bosphorus & Dardanelles Straits, Bandirma, Istanbul (Haydarpasa), Marmare Ereglisi etc., include Maps; Country Information; Facilities "...Tanker, Gas, Liquid, Container, DryBulk, etc..." Services; Bunkering; Traffic Calculator; etc..." For more information see Leth Agencies

Navigating Ports NAVIGATING PORTS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS REAL-TIME SYSTEMS PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC REAL-TIME SYSTEMS - Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, National Ocean Service, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. The Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System "...is a decision support tool that improves the safety and efficiency of maritime commerce and coastal resource management through the integration of real-time environmental observations, forecasts and other geospatial information..." "...Measures and disseminates observations and predictions of Water Levels, Currents, Salinity, and Meteorological Parameters (Winds, Atmospheric Pressure, Air and Water Temperatures) that mariners need to navigate safely..." For more information see Products; Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services or the NOAA'S National Ocean Service Examples include C